Subsections

PET and SPECT

Molecular imaging

Table 24: Tracers. Partially based on [Gjedde, 2001,Smith et al., 2003,Knudsen and Svarer, 2002] and list from Turku PET Centre http://www.turkupetcentre.fi/pet_tracers.html. Compound initial keys: SB (SmithKline Beecham), GR (Amersham Phamarcia Biotech?).
Transmitter Enzyme, receptor or metabolism Radiosubstrate or ligand Reference for PET, SPECT or autoradiography
       
Several D2+5HT2 +$ \alpha_1$ [C-11]NMSP (N-methyl-spiperone) [Wong et al., 1984,Morris et al., 1993], Nysberg S 1993.
Dopamine DOPA-decarboxylase [F-18]FDOPA  
  D1 [C-11]NNC 112 [Halldin et al., 1998,Abi-Dargham et al., 2000], Slifstein and Laruelle 2000(?)
  D1 [C-11]NNC 756 [Laihinen et al., 1994]
  D1 [H-3]SCH 23390 [De Keyser et al., 1988,Hall et al., 1988]
  D1 [C-11]SCH 23390 [Farde et al., 1987,Wang et al., 1998,Chan et al., 1998,Karlsson et al., 2002]
  D1 [C-11]SCH 39166 [Laihinen et al., 1994]
  D2/D3 [C-11]-epidepride [Langer et al., 1999], Almeida P 1999, Hall H 1997
  D2/D3 [I-123]-epidepride [Leslie et al., 1996,Kuikka et al., 1997,Varrone et al., 2000,Fujita et al., 2004], Kornhuber J 1995, Kessler RM 1991(?), Almeida P 1999, Goldsmith and Joyce 1996.
  D2/D3 [I-125]-epidepride [Hall et al., 1996,Hall et al., 1997]
  D2/D3 [F-18]-fallypride [Mukherjee et al., 2002]
  D2/D3 [C-11]FLB 457 [Farde et al., 1997b,Olsson et al., 1999,Okubo et al., 1999,Vilkman et al., 2000,Kaasinen et al., 2001,Suhara et al., 2001,Cselényi et al., 2002], Sudo Y, 2001, Talvik 2003.
  D2/D3 [I-125]NCQ 298 [Hall et al., 1997]
  D2 [H-3]-raclopride [Hall et al., 1988]
  D2/D3 [C-11]-raclopride [Breier et al., 1998,Kestler et al., 2000], Farde 1987, Volkov N 1993
  D2 [H-3]-spiroperidol [De Keyser et al., 1988]
  D2 [I-123]IBZM (iodobenzamide) [Leslie et al., 1996], Kung HF 1990, Laulumaa V 1993, Seibyl 1996
  D2/5HT-2A [F-18]FESP See under 5HT-2A
    [I-123]IBZP  
  D2 [I-123]IDF  
  D2 R-[C-11]SKF 82957  
  D4 [C-11]SCH 66712  
  DAT [C-11]CFT, [C-11]WIN 35,428 Wong 1993, Rinne 2004
  DAT [F-18]CFT, [F-18]WIN 35,428 Laakso 1998, Nurmi 2000a, 2000b, Laakso 2000
  DAT [C-11]beta-CFT Rinne 1998
  DAT [C-11]-cocaine [Telang et al., 1999]
  DAT [N-C-11-methyl](-)-cocaine Logan J 1990
  DAT [F-18]-cocaine  
  DAT [C-11]FPCIT  
  DAT [C-11]PE2I [Halldin et al., 2003]
  DAT [C-11]RTI 32  
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) NET [C-11]MeNER [Wilson et al., 2003], Schou M 2003 (post mortem)
Histamine H1 [C-11]-doxepin [Yanai et al., 1992,Tagawa et al., 2001]
  H1 [C-11]-pyrilamine [Yanie et al., 1992]
Serotonin (5-HT) (Metabolism) $ \alpha$-[C-11]MTrp ([C-11]AMT or $ \alpha$-[C-11]methyl-L-tryptophan) [Okazawa et al., 2000].
    [C-11]-HTP, [C-11]-5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan Hagberg 2002
    Tryptophan hydroxylase  
    5-hydroxy-tryptophan-decarboxylase  
 
   
  5HT-1(?) [H-3]serotonin [Pazos et al., 1987a]
  5HT-1A [H-3]8-hydroxy-2-[N,N-di-N-propyl-amino]tetralin [Pazos et al., 1987a]
  5HT-1A [H-3]8-OHDPAT  
  5HT-1A [C-11] CPC-222 Houle 1997
  5HT-1A [O-methyl-C-11]WAY-100635 Pike 1995
  5HT-1A [Carbonyl-C-11]WAY-100635 [Farde et al., 1998,Ito et al., 1999,Tauscher et al., 2001,Andrée et al., 2002,Rabiner et al., 2002,Parsey et al., 2002,Borg et al., 2003], Parsey 2000 Pike 1996, Gunn 1998, Slifstein and Laruelle 2000(?)
  5HT-1A [Carbonyl-C-11]Desmethyl-WAY-100635 [Andrée et al., 2002]
  5HT-1A [F-18]MPPF Passchier 2000, 2001
 
   
  5HT-1B [H-3]GR 125743 [Varnäs et al., 2001]
 
   
  5HT-1C [H-3]mesulergine [Pazos et al., 1987a]
 
   
  5HT-1D [H-3]GR 125743 [Varnäs et al., 2001]
 
   
  5HT-2 N1-[C-11]-methyl-2-bromo-LSD [Wong et al., 1987]
  5HT-2 [C-11]ketanserin, [C-11]R 41,468 Baron JC 1985
  5HT-2 [H-3]ketanserin, [H-3]R 41,468 [Pazos et al., 1987b,Eastwood et al., 2001], [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey], Laruelle 1993
  5HT-2 [C-11]NMKET (N-Methylketanserin) Frost JJ 1990 (abstract)
  5HT-2 [F-18]-setoperone [Blin et al., 1990,Meyer et al., 1999,Yatham et al., 2000], Cho 1999.
  5HT-2A [H-3]-spiperone + Ketamine [Marcusson et al., 1984]
  5HT-2A [H-3]MDL-100907 [Hall et al., 2000]
  5HT-2A [C-11]MDL-100907 [Gründer et al., 1997,Ito et al., 1998,Watabe et al., 2000], [Lundkvist et al., 1996, monkey], [Offord et al., 1999, review]
  5HT2A [C-11]NMSP + MDL 100,907 [Andree et al., 1998]
  5HT-2A [F-18]-altanserin [Biver et al., 1994,Sadzot et al., 1995,Rosier et al., 1996,Meltzer et al., 1998,Meltzer et al., 1999,van Dyck et al., 2000b,Price et al., 2001,Kaye et al., 2001,Sheline et al., 2002,Forutan et al., 2002,Adams et al., 2004,Bailer et al., 2004,Liptrot et al., 2004,Mintun et al., 2004,Sheline et al., 2004,Adams et al., 2005]
  5HT-2A [F-18]-deuteroaltanserin [van Dyck et al., 2000a]
  5HT-2A/D2 [F-18]FESP, 3-(2'-[F-18]fluoroethyl)spiperone [Moresco et al., 2002,Messa et al., 2003,Moresco et al., 2004]
  5HT-2A [I-123]-5-I-R91150 [Baeken et al., 1998,Audenaert et al., 2003,Goethals et al., 2004]
 
   
  5HT-3 [C-11]MDL 72222  
 
   
  5HT-4 [C-11]SB207145  
 
   
  SERT [C-11]ADAM Shiue GG 2003 (in vitro, rat and baboon)
  SERT [C-11]AFA  
  SERT [C-11]AFM  
  SERT [C-11]-cyanoimipramine [Takano et al., 2002]
  SERT [C-11]DAPA  
  SERT [C-11]DAPP [Houle et al., 2000]
  SERT [C-11]DASB [Houle et al., 2000,Ichise et al., 2003,Frankle et al., 2004,Kim et al., 2006,Praschak-Rieder et al., 2007]
  SERT [C-11]MADAM Chalon 2003
  SERT [C-11](+)McN-5652 [Szabo et al., 1995,Szabo et al., 1996,Buck et al., 2000,Takano et al., 2002,Frankle et al., 2004], McCann 1998, Parsey 2000, Szabo 1999, Simpson 2003, Szabo 2004, Ikoma 2002
  SERT [C-11]-NS 4194  
  SERT [I-123]ADAM  
  SERT [I-123]$ \beta$-CIT Brücke 1993, Semple 1999, [Neumeister et al., 2000]
  SERT [C-11]$ \beta$-CIT Farde 1994
  SERT [I-123]ZIENT Chen 2000
 
   
  5HT-1A mRNA   [Burnet et al., 1995]
  5HT-2A mRNA   [Burnet et al., 1995]
GABA GABA-A (BZ) [C-11]-flumazenil, [C-11]FMZ [Holthoff et al., 1991,Gründer et al., 2001], Koeppe 1991
  Microglia GABA-A (BZ) [C-11](R)-PK11195 Banati
  GABA-A (BZ) [F-18]-fluoroethylflumazenil (FEF) [Gründer et al., 2001]
  GABA-A (BZ) [I-123]Iomazenil Laruelle 1993, Onishi Y 1996
  GABA-A (BZ) NNC 13-8241 [Kuikka et al., 1996]
  GABA-A (BZ) Ro 15-4513  
  GABA-A (BZ) [C-11] Ro 15-1788 [Persson et al., 1985]
  GABA-A (BZ) Diazepam  
  GABA-A [H-3]Muscimol [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
Glutamate AMPA [H-3]AMPA [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
  Kainate [H-3]kainate [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
  NMDA [H-3]MK-801 [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
Opioid $ \mu, \kappa$ [F-18]-cyclofoxy Carson RE 1993
  nonselective [C-11]-diprenorphine Jones 1988, Jones 1994, Frost 1990, Sadzot 1991, Prevett 1994
  $ \mu$ [C-11]-carfentanil [Frost et al., 1989,Zubieta et al., 1999], Frost 1985, Frost 1990
  $ \delta$ [C-11]MeNTI [Smith et al., 1999]
Sigma $ \sigma_1$ [C-11]SA4503 Kawamura
Acetylcholine Nicotine [C-11]-nicotine  
  nAChR $ \alpha 4\beta 2$ [F-18] A85380  
  $ \alpha 1$ [H-3]Prazosin [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
  $ \alpha 2$ [H-3]Idazoxan (RX781094)  
  $ \alpha 2$ [H-3]UK-14304 [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
  $ \alpha$ 2A/2B   H. De Vos 1992.
  M1 [H-3]pirenzepine [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
  M2 [C-11]-tropanylbenzilat (TRB) Koeppe 1994, Lee 1996
  M2 [F-18] FP-TZTP [Podruchny et al., 2003]
  Muscarinic [C-11]NMPB (N-[C-11]methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate) [Zubieta et al., 1998,Yoshida et al., 2000], Zubieta 2001, Sudo 1998, Kakiuchi 2001 (monkey)
  M2/M4 [H-3]oxotremorine-M [Geyer et al., 1998,Kötter et al., 2001, Monkey]
    [C-11]scopolamine Frey 1992
    [I-123]QNB (quinuclidinyl-iodo-benzilate)  
 
   
  Acetylcholinesterase activity N-[C-11]methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate, [C-11]PMP [Koeppe et al., 1999]
  Acetylcholinesteras activity N -[C-11]methylpiperidin-4-yl acetate, [C-11]MP4A [Nagatsuka Si et al., 2001]
-- Monoamine oxidase A [C-11]Deprenyl  
-- Monoamine oxidase B [C-11]Clorgyline  
-- Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 [C-11]DTBZ  
-- -- [C-11]-methyl-tetrahydroaminoacridine [Traykov et al., 1999]
-- -- [C-11]-vinpocetine [Gulyás et al., 2002]

Table 24 lists a number of the radiotracers for PET and SPECT human brain imaging. Another list is the North American PET directory of radiotracers available from http://www.snidd.org/petsearch.cfm.

Binding characterstics are available from http://www.gpcr.org/7tm/ligand/Seeman/S1A.html

Molecular neuroimaging and personality

[Farde et al., 1997a,Breier et al., 1998,Kestler et al., 2000,Suhara et al., 2001,Moresco et al., 2002]. With CBF: [Johnson et al., 1999,Youn et al., 2002]

Finn Årup Nielsen 2010-04-23