Milestones in Integrated Electronics

 

Electron-tube era
1901	J.C. Bose	Vacuum rectifier
1902	Ambrose Fleming	Vacuum tube (diode)
1906	G.W. Pichard & L.W. Austin	Crystal detector
1907	Lee de Forest	Audion 3-electrode tube (triode)
1918	Czochralski	Method of pulling chrystals from the melt
1925	Julius Edgar Lilienfeld	Principle of the field-effect transistor
1934	Oskar Heil	Structure of the junction field-effect transistor
1938	W. Schottky	Schottky-barrier diode
Bipolar transistor era
1947	J. Bardeen, W.H. Brattain, & W. Shockley	Germanium point contact transistor
1948	W. Shockley	Germanium junction transistor
1950	W.J. Pietenpohl & R.S. Ohl	Si bipolar transistor
1951	G.K. Teal & E. Buehler	Ge single crystal
1952	G.K. Teal & E. Buehler	Si single crystal
1952	Texas Instruments	Commercial production of Si bipolar transistors
1953	Keck & H.C. Theuerer & Emeis	Float zone processing
1957	R.C. Sangster	Vapor phase epitaxial growth
Integration era
1958	Jack S. Kilby	Monolithical integrated circuit
1958	Robert N. Noyce	Planar junction field-effect transistor
1958	Jean A. Hoerni	Planar surface field-effect transistor
1959	Gordon E. Moore & Robert N. Noyce	Planar technology
1960	H.C. Theuerer & J.J. Kleinach & H.H. Lour & H. Christensen	Epitaxial diffused transistor
1960	J.A. Hoerni	Si planar process
1960	D. Kahny & M.M. Atalla	MOS field-effect transistor
1961	Fairchild Semiconductor	First commercial digital IC
MOS transistor era
1962		MOS integrated circuits
1963	Frank Wanlass, Fairchild	CMOS integrated circuits
Application era
1967	Dalbergh Hearing Aids	First hearing aid `worn in the ear'
1968	Hodges et al.	MOS 64-bit RAM memory
1968	Fairchild Semiconductor	$\mu$A709 operational amplifier
1970	Dennard (IBM)	One-transistor dynamic memory cell
1970	Marcian E. Hoff, Intel	1103 4kbit DRAM
1971	Intel	4004 4-bit microprocessor
1972	Intel	8008 8-bit microprocessor
1974	Intel	8080 8-bit microprocessor
1981	J.W. Beyers et al (HP)	450,000 transistor microprocessor
1984		Megabit memory chip
1995		Experimental gigabit memory chip

Figure 5: Milestones in Integrated Electronics